Status of fungal sepsis among preterm infants in 25 neonatal intensive care units of tertiary hospitals in China / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and the risk factors of fungal sepsis in 25 neonatal intensive care units (NICU) among preterm infants in China, and to provide a basis for preventive strategies of fungal sepsis. Methods: This was a second-analysis of the data from the "reduction of infection in neonatal intensive care units using the evidence-based practice for improving quality" study. The current status of fungal sepsis of the 24 731 preterm infants with the gestational age of <34+0 weeks, who were admitted to 25 participating NICU within 7 days of birth between May 2015 and April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. These preterm infants were divided into the fungal sepsis group and the without fungal sepsis group according to whether they developed fungal sepsis to analyze the incidences and the microbiology of fungal sepsis. Chi-square test was used to compare the incidences of fungal sepsis in preterm infants with different gestational ages and birth weights and in different NICU. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to study the outcomes of preterm infants with fungal sepsis, which were further compared with those of preterm infants without fungal sepsis. The 144 preterm infants in the fungal sepsis group were matched with 288 preterm infants in the non-fungal sepsis group by propensity score-matched method. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors of fungal sepsis. Results: In all, 166 (0.7%) of the 24 731 preterm infants developed fungal sepsis, with the gestational age of (29.7±2.0) weeks and the birth weight of (1 300±293) g. The incidence of fungal sepsis increased with decreasing gestational age and birth weight (both P<0.001). The preterm infants with gestational age of <32 weeks accounted for 87.3% (145/166). The incidence of fungal sepsis was 1.0% (117/11 438) in very preterm infants and 2.0% (28/1 401) in extremely preterm infants, and was 1.3% (103/8 060) in very low birth weight infants and 1.7% (21/1 211) in extremely low birth weight infants, respectively. There was no fungal sepsis in 3 NICU, and the incidences in the other 22 NICU ranged from 0.7% (10/1 397) to 2.9% (21/724), with significant statistical difference (P<0.001). The pathogens were mainly Candida (150/166, 90.4%), including 59 cases of Candida albicans and 91 cases of non-Candida albicans, of which Candida parapsilosis was the most common (41 cases). Fungal sepsis was independently associated with increased risk of moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (adjusted OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.04-2.22, P=0.030) and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (adjusted OR 2.55, 95%CI 1.12-5.80, P=0.025). Previous broad spectrum antibiotics exposure (adjusted OR=2.50, 95%CI 1.50-4.17, P<0.001), prolonged use of central line (adjusted OR=1.05, 95%CI 1.03-1.08, P<0.001) and previous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) duration (adjusted OR=1.04, 95%CI 1.02-1.06, P<0.001) were all independently associated with increasing risk of fungal sepsis. Conclusions: Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis are the main pathogens of fungal sepsis among preterm infants in Chinese NICU. Preterm infants with fungal sepsis are at increased risk of moderate to severe BPD and severe ROP. Previous broad spectrum antibiotics exposure, prolonged use of central line and prolonged duration of TPN will increase the risk of fungal sepsis. Ongoing initiatives are needed to reduce fungal sepsis based on these risk factors.

Efficacy and initial clinical evaluation of optical genome mapping in the diagnosis of structural variations / 中华预防医学杂志

To investigate the efficacy and value of optical genome mapping (OGM) in detecting chromosomal structural variations. In a clinical study about high-precision analysis of genomic structural variation for complex genetic diseases, a retrospective study was performed on the cases with karyotyping at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Endocrinology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January to December 2021. Ten cases with abnormal karyotype was detected by OGM. Partial cases were verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), SNP array or CNV-seq. Results of ten cases, nine were detected with abnormality by OGM, including unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements (n=3), translocation (n=5) and paracentric inversion (n=1), and the results were in concordance with other standard assays. However, one case with breakpoint and reconnected at centromere has not been detected. In conclusion, ten samples were comprehensively analyzed by karyotyping, FISH, SNP array or CNV-seq, and OGM, and results demonstrated that optical genome mapping as a new technology can not only detect unbalanced rearrangements such as copy number variants as well as balanced translocations and inversions, but more importantly, it can refine breakpoints and orientation of duplicated segments or insertions. So it can contribute to the diagnosis of genetic diseases and prevent birth defect. However, the current technology is not yet capable of detecting breakpoints of balanced structural variations lying within unmapped regions.

Feasibility and safety of intracardiac ultrasound-assisted atrial septal puncture during radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To explore the feasibility and safety of intracardiac ultrasound-assisted atrial septal puncture (ASP) during radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Methods: We enrolled 241 consecutive patients scheduled to radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from July to September 2020. Inclusion criteria: patients aged over 18 years with a clear electrocardiogram record of atrial fibrillation. Patients were divided into 2 groups: ASP with ultrasound-assisted X-ray (ultrasound group, n=123), ASP under X-ray alone (X-ray group, n=118). Clinical features of patients including age, sex, percent of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and repeat ablation, CHA2DS2-VASc score and past history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), valve diseases) and echocardiographic parameters (left atrial dimension, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension) were obtained and compared. The first-pass rate, radiation exposure time, duration of ASP, and complications of ASP were also compared between the two groups. Results: The age of patients in this cohort was (62.5±8.0) years, and the proportion of males was 57.0% (n=138). Among them, the proportion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was 56.0% (n=135), and the ratio of repeat ablation was 17.8% (n=43). Age, sex, percent of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus were similar between the two groups. The first-pass rate was significantly higher in the ultrasound group than in the X-ray group (94.3% (116/123) vs. 79.7% (94/118), P=0.001); the exposure time of X-ray was significantly shorter in the ultrasound group than in the X-ray group ((31.3±7.9) s vs. (124.8±35.7) s, P<0.001), while the duration of ASP was longer in the ultrasound group ((10.1±1.8) minutes vs. (8.2±1.3) minutes, P<0.001). In terms of complications, the incidence of puncture into the pericardium was lower in the ultrasound group (0 vs.3.4% (4/118), P=0.039); the rate of transient ST-segment elevation post ASP was similar between the ultrasound group and X-ray group (2.4% (3/123) vs. 1.7% (2/118), P=0.999). Conclusion: Intracardiac ultrasound-assisted atrial septal puncture can effectively improve the accuracy of atrial septal puncture, shorten the radiation exposure time, and reduce the complications related to atrial septal puncture.

Application of UPLC-QTOF-MS non-targeted metabonomics in mechanism study of property differences of ginseng and American ginseng / 中国中药杂志

This study adopted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-QTOF-MS)-based untargeted metabolomic approaches for exploring the changes in endogenous metabolites of rat serum related to property differences between ginseng and American ginseng. Then the action mechanisms of them with warm and cool properties and the effects of processing on their property changes were investigated. Based on principal component analysis(PCA), the differences in metabolite profiles between ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng, and red American ginseng were compared. After that, 16 potential differential endogenous biomarkers were identified by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) and online database searching. And the related metabolic pathways were systematically analyzed. By comparing content variations of these 16 potential differential endogenous biomarkers, we have found that 10 potential differential biomarkers were responsible for the warm property of ginseng and red ginseng, and 9 were related to the cool property of American ginseng and red American ginseng. As demonstrated by in-depth analysis of related metabolic pathways of differential biomarkers, ginseng and American ginseng mainly played a role in regulating the energy metabolism of amino acid, glycolysis, and fatty acids, during which they exhibited differences in property. The comparison of content variations of these differential endogenous between groups revealed that the energy metabolism of red ginseng group was stronger than that of ginseng group, consistent with the traditional processing theory that the warming and tonifying effects of ginseng could be enhanced after processing. The property of red American ginseng was similar to that of American ginseng, both cool in property, but American ginseng was cooler than red American ginseng. It can be seen that non-targeted metabolomic approaches can be utilized to study mechanisms underlying property differences of Chinese medicines and the effects of processing on their property changes.

Effect of Shaolin internal qigong exercise on the surface electromyography signals of shoulder muscle groups in patients with capsulitis of the shoulder / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To unveil the efficacy of Shaolin internal qigong exercise in treating capsulitis of the shoulder (CS) and explore objective outcome measures by observing the changes in the surface electromyography (sEMG) signals of shoulder muscle groups after regular practice of Shaolin internal qigong exercise in CS patients. Methods: Sixty CS patients were randomized into two groups by the random number table method, with 30 cases in each group. Patients in the qigong group practiced Shaolin internal qigong exercise on a regular basis, while patients in the electroacupuncture (EA) group received EA treatment. Before and after treatment, the sEMG signals of six muscles, i.e. biceps brachii, triceps brachii, deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles, of the affected side were recorded at 45° abduction of the shoulder, 60° forward flexion and 90° internal rotation with the elbow flexed during maximal isometric contraction, and the integrated electromyography (iEMG) of each muscle was calculated. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3％ in the qigong group, higher than 83.3％ in the EA group (P<0.05). Intra-group comparison showed that the iEMG of biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major and deltoid muscles in the qigong group increased significantly after intervention at 45° abduction of the shoulder, 60° forward flexion and 90° internal rotation with the elbow flexed (all P<0.05), and the iEMG of trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles decreased (both P<0.05); in the EA group, the iEMG of biceps brachii, pectoralis major and deltoid muscles increased significantly during contraction (all P<0.05), while the iEMG of triceps brachii, trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles had no significant changes (all P>0.05). After intervention, there were significant differences in the iEMG of most of muscles between the two groups (all P<0.05), except for the iEMG of deltoid muscle at 45° of abduction of the shoulder joint during isometric contraction (P>0.05). Conclusion: Shaolin internal qigong exercise can effectively increase the motion intensity of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major and deltoid muscles and reduce the compensation of the latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles in CS patients; compared with EA, it produces a better result in improving the coordination and stability in shoulder joint movements.

Research progress in role and mechanism of ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma / 中国药理学通报

Hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) is the most com-mon primary liver cancer resulted from various etiological fac-tors, among which HBV infection is the most important reason in China. The development and progression of HCC are regulated by a variety of cytokines and intracellular signaling pathways. In recent years, both clinical and basic studies have shown that fer-roptosis plays an important role in the occurrence of HCC. Fer-roptosis can affect the development of liver diseases by regulating the level of intracellular iron and lipid peroxidation. Many schol-ars believe that ferroptosis can be used as a target for the diagno-sis, prevention and treatment of HCC. In this review, the role of ferroptosis in HCC and its research progress has been summa-rized, including ferroptosis summary, the relationship between ferroptosis and HCC, and the molecular mechanisms of ferropto-sis in HCC.

Advances on role of extracellular vesicles in chronic liver diseases / 中国病理生理杂志

In recent years, extracellular vesicles are found as an important medium for intercellular signal communication in prokaryotic and higher eukaryotic cells for regulating a variety of biological processes.Extracellular vesi-cles include exosomes,microvesicles and apoptotic bodies,and can be released into extracellular media by almost all types of cells in vivo and in vitro.Extracellular vesicles are released under physiological and pathological conditions, including liver diseases,and have a wide range of effects on the target cells.This review summarizes the progress in understanding the role of extracellular vesicles in chronic liver diseases.Specifically, how extracellular vesicles regulate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed in detail highlighting extracellular vesicles as a promising therapeutic target for chronic liver diseases.

Research progress of hepatocyte necroptosis in liver injuries / 中国药理学通报

Various pathological factors can result in the death of hepatocytes during liver injury. Persistent hepatocyte death initi-ates and aggravates chronic inflammation and fibrosis,ultimately leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, limiting hepatocyte death is an effective strategy for improving liver injury. Necroptosis is a newly characterized form of cell death,which is highly regulated by signaling pathways and has typical morphological features of necrosis. Increasing evidence indicates that necroptosis plays a key role in drug-induced or im-munological acute liver injuries,and in chronic liver injuries in-cluding alcoholic fatty liver,nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fi-brosis. This article reviews the recent advances on the hepato-cyte necroptosis in liver injury,providing novel insights into the pathogenesis of liver disease and related therapeutic reagents.

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of woodchuck retinoic acid-inducible gene I / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Cytosolic retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is an important innate immune RNA sensor and can induce antiviral cytokines, e.g., interferon-β (IFN-β). Innate immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays a pivotal role in viral clearance and persistence. However, knowledge of the role that RIG-I plays in HBV infection is limited. The woodchuck is a valuable model for studying HBV infection. To characterize the molecular basis of woodchuck RIG-I (wRIG-I), we analyzed the complete coding sequences (CDSs) of wRIG-I, containing 2778 base pairs that encode 925 amino acids. The deduced wRIG-I protein was 106.847 kD with a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 6.07, and contained three important functional structures [caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), DExD/H-box helicases, and a repressor domain (RD)]. In woodchuck fibroblastoma cell line (WH12/6), wRIG-I-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) down-regulated RIG-I and its downstrean effector-IFN-β transcripts under RIG-I' ligand, 5'-ppp double stranded RNA (dsRNA) stimulation. We also measured mRNA levels of wRIG-I in different tissues from healthy woodchucks and in the livers from woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)-infected woodchucks. The basal expression levels of wRIG-I were abundant in the kidney and liver. Importantly, wRIG-I was significantly up-regulated in acutely infected woodchuck livers, suggesting that RIG-I might be involved in WHV infection. These results may characterize RIG-I in the woodchuck model, providing a strong basis for further study on RIG-I-mediated innate immunity in HBV infection.

Studies on hibernation pivotal temperature of Whitmania pigra / 中国中药杂志

The biological characteristics, oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption rate, and activities of amylase, lipase and protease of Whitmania pigra at different temperature were studied by using direct observational method, the still water method and 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry, right-nitrophenyl palmitate ester（ρ-NPP）colorimetry and folin-phenol method.The results revealed that with decreasing water temperature, the daily activity and the daily feeding ration were decreased. As the temperature was lowered to 4 ℃, the head and tail of Wh.pigra curved, showing a crescent-shape without feeding and daily activity. Oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption rate and digestive enzyme activities reduced along with temperature drops. The downward trend slowed below 10 ℃, began to stabilize below 4 ℃ and doesn't change with the decrease of temperature since then. During the 40 days treatment at 4 ℃, the changes of amylase were not significant, the lipase and protease activity decreased at the 20th day, and the lipase showed an slightly increase after the decrease and finally remained at a low level.In conclusions, the pivotal temperature of hibernation of Wh.pigra is 4 ℃ and the crescent shape can be considered as a symbol of hibernation.

Influence of delayed cord clamping on preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of delayed cord clamping (DCC) on preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks delivered naturally from January to December, 2015 were enrolled and randomly divided into DCC group (46 infants) and immediate cord clamping (ICC) group (44 infants). The routine blood test results, total amount of red blood cell transfusion, blood gas parameters, mean arterial pressure, bilirubin peak, total time of phototherapy, and incidence rates of necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis, intracranial hemorrhage, retinopathy, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the ICC group, the DCC group had significantly higher levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean arterial pressure, and standard base excess (P<0.05), as well as a significantly lower percentage of preterm infants who underwent volume expansion and dopamine treatment and a significantly lower amount of red blood cell transfusion (P<0.05). The body temperature, pH value, HCO3(-) concentration, serum bilirubin peak, total time of phototherapy, and incidence rates of late-onset sepsis, retinopathy, grade≥2 intracranial hemorrhage, and grade≥2 neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis showed no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>DCC is a safe clinical intervention and can improve the prognosis of preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks.</p>

Study on correlation of oxygen consumption rate and suffocation point of Whitmania pigra and Bellamya purificata and optimum way of feeding Whitmania pigra / 中国中药杂志

The oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption rate and suffocation point of different quality Whitmania pigra and Bellamya purificata were determined by hydrostatic breathing room method. The effects of feeding modes on growth of W.pigra were determined by biomass. The results showed that the oxygen consumption correlated positively with the weight of W.pigra and B. purificata（P<0.05）, suffocation point increased with the increases of the weight（P<0.05）.Oxygen consumption correlated negatively with the weight of W. pigra, the oxygen consumption rate of B.purificata first increased and then decreased with the increasing of the weight. Feeding modes had no significant effects on the finial weight, SGR, WGR, death rates of W. pigra. Feeding modes had significant effects on eating ratio. It suggested that the optimum feeding frequency of W. pigra was once every three days. Scientific and reasonable feeding amount of B. purificata should be calculated based on oxygen consumption and suffocation point of W.pigra and B.purificata at every period. Meanwhile, stocking density, water area and water exchanging frequency should be taken into consideration.

Effects of stocking density and exchanging water frequency on growth and inner quality of Whitmania pigra / 中国中药杂志

The effects of stocking density and exchanging water frequency on growth, digestive enzyme activity, anti-oxidative enzyme and inner quality of Whitmania pigra Whitman were evaluated with corresponding measures. The results showed that the eventual biomass, specific growth rate, gained weight rate, activities of amylase, lipase, protease, SOD, CAT, and ALP correlated positively with stocking density and negatively with exchanging water frequency (P<0.05). Exchanging water frequency had negative correlation with ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, and hydrogen sulfide while revealed positive correlation with dissolved oxygen in the water. Stocking density and exchanging water frequency showed no significant effects on the contents of moisture, total ash, and acid-insoluble ash. It suggested that the optimum stocking density was 7.5 million per hectare and the appropriate exchanging water interval was 72 h.

Studies on digestive enzyme activity of Whitmania pigra in different months old / 中国中药杂志

Studies on the variation of amylase, lipase and lrotease activity of Whitmania pigra in 0-6 months old using 3, 5-dinitro- salicylic acid colorimetry, right-nitrophenyl palmitate ester (ρ-NPP) colorimetry and folin-phenol method. The results showed that pro- tease activity remained low before 1.5 months old and with the highest activity in 2 months old, but after showing a small peak in 4 months, alkaline protease rapid declined. Amylase was low at born, then gradually increased the activity of the highest in 2.5 months old. Lipase with a strong vitality at birth, then 1 month with minimum and 2 months peaked, but appeared a small peak in 4 months old. In summary, only lipase exhibits strong activity at birth, lipase with the strongest activity in the digestive tract during develop- ment. Protease, lipase and amylase with the strongest activity at 2-3 months old, but were decreased after 4 months old.

Effect of water temperature, stocking density and feeding cycle on growth of juvenile Poecilobdella manillensis / 中国中药杂志

The effect of water temperature, stocking density and feeding cycle on the growth of Poecilobdella manillensis juvenile was conducted P. manillensis was conducted respectively under different conditions: water temperatures(18, 22, 26, 30,34, 38 degrees C and CT), stocking density (75, 125, 200, 275, 350 individual/L) and feeding cycle(2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 d). After 30 days, survival rate, weight gain rate, specific growth rate were measured. There was a significant correlation between water temperature and specific growth rate (γ = -0.066x2 + 3.543 1x -38.09, R2 = 0.837 9). Based on the regression equation, the specific growth rate of P. manillensis achieved the maximum (9.461 4) at 26.84 degrees C. And the most optimal water temperature was 26-30 degrees C. Meanwhile, the survival rates of P. manillensis was 0 at 38 degrees C in 3 d. There was significant negative correlation between density and specific growth rate (γ = -0.005 7x + 9.197 3, R2 = 0.998 3) and between feeding cycle and specific growth rate (γ = -0.468 2x + 10.574, R2 = 0.998 8).

Anesthetic management of adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy assisted by low-temperature plasma technology in children / 解放军医学杂志

Objective: To explore the anesthetic management strategy in children undergoing adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy using low-temperature plasma technology.

Elevated Serum Levels of Visfatin in Patients with Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

BACKGROUND: Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is an immune complex-mediated disease predominantly characterized by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing immunoglobulin A (IgA) on the walls of small vessels. Although the pathogenesis of HSP is not yet fully understood, some researchers proposed that B-cell activation might play a critical role in the development of this disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the serum levels of visfatin (pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor), B-cell-activating factor (BAFF), and CXCL13, and to analyze their association with disease severity. METHODS: The serum levels of visfatin, BAFF, and CXCL13 were measured by using a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 43 patients with HSP and 45 controls. The serum levels of IgA anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) were detected by using a double-antigen sandwich ELISA. RESULTS: Levels of visfatin but not BAFF and CXCL13 were significantly elevated in the sera of patients with HSP in the acute stage, and restored to normal levels in the convalescent stage. Furthermore, serum levels of visfatin were significantly higher in patients with HSP having renal involvement than in those without renal involvement. Serum levels of visfatin were correlated with the severity of HSP and serum concentration of ACA-IgA. CONCLUSION: We show for the first time that the serum levels of visfatin are abnormally elevated in patients with HSP. Visfatin may be associated with the pathogenesis of HSP.

Anesthetic management of patients with mental retardation during autologous transplantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells outside the operating room / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the anesthetic effect and safety of differential airway management in patients with mental retardation (MR) during autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cell transplantation (APBMCT) outside the operating room.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this prospective study, 30 uncooperative patients with MR receiving total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol for APBMCT were randomized into 3 groups with monitored anesthesia care (MAC group), inserted classic laryngeal mask airway under general anesthesia (LMA group), or endotracheal tube placement (ETT group). The blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), SpO(2) and pH, PaCO(2), and HCO(3)(-) were monitored at 5 min and 1 h after anesthesia, before completion of the operation and at 1 h after the operation. The total operative time, dosage of propofol, awake time and body movement during the procedure were recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with LMA and ETT groups, the MAC groups showed a significantly increased total dosage of propofol (66.07±5.41, 35.83±5.80, and 34.61±3.68 g·kg(-1)·min(-1), respectively, P<0.05 ), body movements (9.90±3.07, 2.5 1±1.50, and 0.82±0.93, P<0.05) and awake time (16.82±7.60, 4.31±1.32, and 3.73±1.33 min, P<0.05). The pH, PaCO(2), or HCO(3)(-) showed no marked changes at 5 min after anesthesia and at 1 h after the operation in the 3 groups (P>0.05). At 1 h after anesthesia, the pH in MAC group decreased markedly compared with that in LMA and ETT groups (P<0.05), and maintained a low level till the completion of the operation; the PaCO(2) was significantly elevated in MAC group and remained so till the end of the surgery (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Endotracheal tube placement is safer than laryngeal mask airway placement and monitored anesthesia care in patients with MR during APBMCT, and allows rapid onset of sedation with minimal cardiovascular responses, body movement and recovery, therefore is more suitable in the setting outside the operating room.</p>

Pharmacokinetics differences of propofol during different pathological stages of severe burn in rabbits / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the characteristics and differences of propofol pharmacokinetics in shock phase and hypermetabolic phase in severe burn in rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty New Zealand rabbits were assigned to burn group (n = 10) and sham injury group (n = 10) according to the random number table. Rabbits in burn group were inflicted with 30%TBSA full-thickness scald (named burn below), resuscitated instantly, and were intravenously injected with 5.1 mg/kg propofol 6 hours after injury. 1.5 mL blood was collected from left external jugular vein at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 minute(s) after injection respectively. Above procedure was performed again 1 week later. Rabbits in sham injury group were treated similarly as rabbits in burn group but were sham scalded. Propofol concentration in plasma was determined with high performance liquid chromatography. Data of propofol concentration-time were analyzed with 3P97 practical pharmacokinetics calculating program, and then the most fit compartment model was selected to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The blood concentration-time curve of propofol fitted in with the two-compartment model in burn group, and three-compartment model in sham injury group. During shock phase, comparing with central compartment distribution volume [Vc, (3.1 + or - 1.5) L/kg], area under curve [AUC, (25 + or - 7) mg x min x L(-1)], elimination phase half life [t1/2beta, (113 + or - 93) min], clearance [CLs, (110 + or - 50) mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)] of rabbits in sham injury group, Vc[(8.8 + or - 4.2) L x kg(-1)] and AUC [(44 + or - 10) mg x min x L(-1)] increased significantly (with t value respectively 3.191 and 3.668, and P values both below 0.01); t1/2beta [(339 + or - 258) min] prolonged (t = 2.932, P < 0.05); CLs [(40 + or - 30) mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)] decreased (t = -3.013, P < 0.05) in burn group. During hypermetabolic phase, CLs [(180 + or - 40) mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)] of rabbits in burn group was significantly higher than that in sham injury group [(90 + or - 30) mL x kg(-1) x min(-1), t = -3.013, P < 0.05]. Comparing with those of rabbits in burn group during shock phase, Vc [(4.1 + or - 1.3) L/g] and AUC [(24 + or - 5) mg x min x L(-1)] decreased significantly (with t value respectively 2.979 and 3.766, and P value both below 0.01); distribution phase half time [t1/2alpha, shock phase (16.1 + or - 13.1) min and hypermetabolic phase (8.3 + or - 2.5) min] and t1/2beta [(55 + or - 19) min] shortened obviously (with t value respectively 9.065 and 8.795, and P values both below 0.01); CLs increased significantly (t = 4.238, P < 0.01) during hypermetabolic phase.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There are great differences in propofol pharmacokinetics between shock phase and hypermetabolic phase in severely burned rabbits. The change is characterized by increase in Vc and AUC, extension of t1/2alpha and t1/2beta, decrease in CLs during shock phase and obvious increase of CLs during hypermetabolic phase.</p>

Progress in research and application of gene engineering on medicinal plants / 中国中药杂志

China is the country possessing the largest amount of trade and consumption of medicinal plants in the world. Research and application of gene engineering on medicinal plants are the one of the most promising ways to increase the productivity and quality of medicinal plants, reduce the resource stress, and enhance the competitive power and sustainable development ability of the medicinal plants industry. In spite of the great progress in research and application of plant gene engineering worldwide, the research of gene transformation has mostly been conducted on some model plants, and the application of transgenic plant has been limited to a few staple and important crop species. For medicinal plants, recently the researches of gene transformation has emerged, however, compared with other crop and economic plants, it is still a very limited amount. On the basis of a general introduction of application of transgenic plants, this paper focuses on the present situation of the research and application of gene engineering on medicinal plants, to put forward the problems in this field, and give a prospect for its development.